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Where Does the Authority Come From That Allows the Federal Government to Fund the Arts

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Independent bureau of the United states federal government

National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Logo 2018 Square on Black.svg
Bureau overview
Formed 1965
Jurisdiction Federal government of the U.s.
Headquarters Constitution Center, Washington, D.C.
Almanac budget $162,250,000 USD (2020)
Agency executive
  • Maria Rosario Jackson, Chairman[1]
Website arts.gov

The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting creative excellence.[2] It was created by an act of the U.S. Congress in 1965 equally an independent bureau of the federal regime. The agency was created past an deed of the U.S. Congress and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 29, 1965 (20 U.s.a.C. 951).[3] The foundation consists of the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, and the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

The NEA has its offices in Washington, D.C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, besides as the Special Tony Honour in 2016.[4] In 1985, the Arts Endowment won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Motion Picture show Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Film Institute in the identification, acquisition, restoration and preservation of celebrated films.[v] Additionally, in 2016 and once more in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Television Academy in the Outstanding Brusk Form Nonfiction or Reality Series category.[6]

History and Purpose [edit]

The National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President Lyndon B. Johnson nether the general auspices of the Cracking Society. According to historian Karen Patricia Heath, "Johnson personally was non much interested in the acquisition of knowledge, cultural or otherwise, for its own sake, nor did he have time for art appreciation or meeting with artists."[7]

The NEA is "dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all Americans; and providing leadership in arts education".[2]

Grants [edit]

Betwixt 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than $v billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99.5 million as a result of pressure level from conservative groups, including the American Family Clan, who criticized the agency for using taxation dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as Barbara DeGenevieve, Andres Serrano, Robert Mapplethorpe, and the performance artists known as the "NEA Iv". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 one thousand thousand.[8] For FY 2010, the budget reached the level information technology was at during the mid-1990s at $167.five 1000000[ix] but fell again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 million.[9]

Governance [edit]

The NEA is governed by a chairman nominated by the president to a 4-year term and subject to congressional confirmation.[ten] The NEA's advisory commission, the National Quango on the Arts, advises the Chairman on policies and programs, besides as reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative. This body consists of fourteen individuals appointed by the President for their expertise and noesis in the arts, in addition to 6 ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting chapters.[eleven]

Grantmaking [edit]

The NEA offers grants in the categories of: 1) grants for arts projects, 2) national initiatives, and three) partnership agreements. Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects in the discipline categories of creative person communities, arts education, dance, design, folk and traditional arts, literature, local arts agencies, media arts, museums, music, musical theater, opera, presenting (including multidisciplinary art forms), theater, and visual arts. The NEA likewise grants individual fellowships in literature to artistic writers and translators of infrequent talent in the areas of prose and poesy.

The NEA has partnerships in the areas of land and regional, federal, international activities, and pattern. The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA'due south primary partners in serving the American people through the arts. Forty percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies and regional arts organizations. Additionally, the NEA awards three Lifetime Honors: NEA National Heritage Fellowships to master folk and traditional artists, NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates, and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to opera in the U.s.. The NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually by the President.

Relative telescopic of funding [edit]

Creative person William Powhida has noted that "in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought about a billion dollars in contemporary fine art at Christie's in New York." He further commented: "If y'all had a 2 per centum tax just on the auctions in New York yous could probably double the NEA budget in ii nights."[12]

Lifetime honors [edit]

The NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by awarding three lifetime accomplishment awards. The NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded to individuals who take fabricated significant contributions to the fine art of jazz. The NEA National Heritage Fellowships are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American's folk and traditional arts. The National Medal of Arts is awarded by the President of the United States and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, support, and availability of the arts in the U.s.a..

Controversy [edit]

1981 attempts to abolish [edit]

Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan assistants intended to push button Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year menstruation. Reagan's start director of the Office of Management and Upkeep, David A. Stockman, thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were "good [departments] to simply bring to a halt because they went besides far, and they would exist easy to defeat." Another proposal would have halved the arts endowment budget. Yet, these plans were abandoned when the President's special chore strength on the arts and humanities, which included close Reagan allies such as conservatives Charlton Heston and Joseph Coors, discovered "the needs involved and benefits of past assistance," last that continued federal support was important. Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981, and while the section's budget decreased from $158.8 million in 1981 to $143.v 1000000, by 1989 information technology was $169.1 million, the highest it had ever been.[13] [fourteen] [xv]

1989 objections [edit]

In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family Association held a press briefing attacking what he called "anti-Christian bigotry," in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The work at the eye of the controversy was Piss Christ, a photo of a plastic crucifix submerged in a vial of an amber fluid described by the artist every bit his own urine.[16] Republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al D'Amato began to rally confronting the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent bourgeois Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Club and Pat Buchanan joined the attacks. Republican representative Dick Armey, an opponent of federal arts funding, began to attack a planned exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe at the Corcoran Museum of Fine art that was to receive NEA support.

On June 12, 1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that information technology did non desire to "adversely affect the NEA's congressional appropriations." The Washington Projection for the Arts later hosted the Mapplethorpe show. The cancellation was highly criticized and in September, 1989, the Managing director of the Corcoran gallery, Christina Orr-Cahill, issued a formal statement of apology saying, "The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy by removing itself from the political spotlight, has instead found itself in the centre of controversy. By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition, we, the board of trustees and the manager, take inadvertently offended many members of the arts community which we deeply regret. Our course in the future volition be to support art, artists and freedom of expression."[17]

Democrat representative Pat Williams, chairman of the House subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization, partnered with republican Tom Coleman to formulate a compromise bill to salve the Endowment. The Williams-Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to aggrandize access to the arts in rural and inner metropolis areas, leave the obscenity determination to the courts, and altered the limerick of the review panels to increment multifariousness of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of involvement.[18] After fierce contend, the linguistic communication embodied in the Williams-Coleman substitute prevailed and afterward became law.[19]

Though this controversy inspired congressional debate about appropriations to the NEA, including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA-supported piece of work and their grantmaking guidelines, efforts to defund the NEA failed.[twenty]

1990 performance artists vetoed [edit]

Conservative media connected to assail individual artists whose NEA-supported work was deemed controversial. The "NEA Four", Karen Finley, Tim Miller, John Bit, and Holly Hughes, were performance artists whose proposed grants from the U.s.a. government's National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) were vetoed by John Frohnmayer in June 1990. Grants were overtly vetoed on the basis of subject matter afterward the artists had successfully passed through a peer review process. The artists won their case in court in 1993 and were awarded amounts equal to the grant coin in question, though the case would make its way to the United states of america Supreme Court in National Endowment for the Arts 5. Finley.[21] The example centered on subsection (d)(1) of 20 U.Due south.C. § 954 which provides that the NEA Chairperson shall ensure that creative excellence and artistic merit are the criteria by which applications are judged. The court ruled in 524 U.S. 569 (1998), that Department 954(d)(1) is facially valid, equally it neither inherently interferes with Start Amendment rights nor violates ramble vagueness principles.

1995–1997 congressional attacks [edit]

The 1994 midterm elections cleared the mode for Business firm Speaker Newt Gingrich to lead a renewed attack on the NEA. Gingrich had called for the NEA to be eliminated completely forth with the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. While some in Congress attacked the funding of controversial artists, others argued the endowment was wasteful and elitist.[22] However, despite massive budget cutbacks and the terminate of grants to individual artists, Gingrich ultimately failed in his push to eliminate the endowment.

Proposed defunding [edit]

The budget outline submitted by then-president Donald Trump on March 16, 2017, to Congress would eliminate all funding for the plan.[23] [24] Congress canonical a budget that retained NEA funding. The White Business firm budget proposed for fiscal year 2018 again chosen for elimination of funding, only Congress retained the funding for another year.[25]

Chairpeople [edit]

  • 1965–1969 Roger L. Stevens, appointed past Lyndon B. Johnson
  • 1969–1977 Nancy Hanks, appointed by Richard Yard. Nixon
  • 1977–1981 Livingston L. Biddle, Jr., appointed by Jimmy Carter
  • 1981–1989 Frank Hodsoll, appointed past Ronald Reagan
  • 1989–1992 John Frohnmayer, appointed past George H. W. Bush-league
  • 1993–1997 Jane Alexander, appointed past Bill Clinton
  • 1998–2001 Bill Ivey, appointed past Bill Clinton
  • 2002 Michael P. Hammond, appointed by George W. Bush-league
  • 2002–2003 Eileen Beth Mason, Acting Chairman, appointed past George W. Bush-league
  • 2003–2009 Dana Gioia, appointed past George West. Bush
  • 2009 Patrice Walker Powell, Acting Chairman, appointed by Barack Obama[26] [27]
  • 2009–2012 Rocco Landesman, appointed by Barack Obama[28] [29] [xxx]
  • 2012–2014 Joan Shigekawa, Acting Chairman[31]
  • 2014–2018[32] R. Jane Chu, appointed by Barack Obama[33] [34]
  • 2019–2021[35] Mary Anne Carter, appointed by Donald Trump[36]
  • 2021–Present[37] Maria Rosario Jackson, appointed by Joe Biden.[38]

Nancy Hanks (1969–77) [edit]

Nancy Hanks served as the second Chairman of the NEA (1969-1977) She was appointed past President Richard Nixon, standing her service under Gerald Ford. During her 8-yr tenure, the NEA's funding increased from $8 1000000 to $114 million.[ citation needed ]

According to Elaine A. King:

Nancy Hanks perhaps was able to accomplish her mission because she functioned equally a type of benevolent fine art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political red-record. From 1969 through 1977, under Hanks' administration, the Arts Endowment functioned similar a fine slice of oiled machinery. Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the power of the lobby arrangement. Although she had non had direct administrative experience in the federal government, some people were skeptical at the beginning of her term. Those in doubt underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to straight this complex cultural office. Richard Nixon'southward early endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several ways. The budget for the Arts Endowment not only increased but as well more federal funding became bachelor and numerous programs within the agency.[39]"

Come across also [edit]

  • National Endowment for the Humanities
  • National Heritage Fellowship
  • National Medal of Arts winners
  • NEA Jazz Masters
  • New York City Section of Cultural Affairs

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ www.whitehouse.gov
  2. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts. "Well-nigh Us". Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved March xiii, 2009.
  3. ^ "U.Due south.C. Title 20 - Educational activity". www.govinfo.gov . Retrieved 2020-10-02 .
  4. ^ "The 2016 Tony Awards: Winners". Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  5. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts wins Honorary Oscar".
  6. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts: U.s. of Arts".
  7. ^ Karen Patricia Heath, "Creative scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Lodge liberalism." European Periodical of American Civilization 36.one (2017): 5-22. online
  8. ^ [ane] [ dead link ]
  9. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History, NEA
  10. ^ Patricia Cohen (Baronial vii, 2013) Vacancies Hamper Agencies for Arts New York Times.
  11. ^ National Quango on the Arts Archived 2010-12-16 at the Wayback Machine, nea.gov Archived 2008-eleven-06 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Neda Ulaby (Director) (2014-05-15). "In Pricey Cities, Being A Maverick Starving Artist Gets Old Fast". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2014-05-31 .
  13. ^ William H. Honan (May fifteen, 1988). "Volume Discloses That Reagan Planned To Impale National Endowment for Arts". New York Times.
  14. ^ Gioia, Dana (17 Feb 2017). "For the umpteenth time, the National Endowment for the Arts deserves its funding". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  15. ^ "Frank Hodsoll, NEA chairman who championed arts under Reagan, dies at 78". Washington Mail service . Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  16. ^ Paul Monaco (2000). Understanding Social club, Culture, and Telly. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. pp. 100. ISBN978-0-275-97095-vi.
  17. ^ Quigley, Margaret. "The Mapplethorpe Censorship Controversy". PublicEye.org/Political Research Assembly. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  18. ^ Kresse, Mary Ellen (January 1, 1991). "Turmoil at the National Endowment for the Arts: Can Federally Funded Human action Sur unded Act Survive the "Mapplethorpe Contr eastward the "Mapplethorpe Controversy" ?". Buffalo Law Review: 44 – via Digital Commons.
  19. ^ Parachini, Changed NEA Likely Even Without Content Rules, L.A. Times, Oct. 29, 1990 Online
  20. ^ C. Carr, Timeline of NEA four events, franklinfurnace.org
  21. ^ National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, 524 U.Due south. 569, (1998).
  22. ^ Hughes, Robert (August 7, 1995). "Pulling the Fuse on Culture". Time. Archived from the original on October ix, 2009. Retrieved Oct three, 2009.
  23. ^ Naylor, Brian (March 16, 2017). "Trump Budget Cuts Funding For Arts, Humanities Endowments And Corporation For Public Broadcasting". NPR . Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  24. ^ McPhee, Ryan (March 16, 2017). "Trump Assistants'southward Budget Proposal Eliminates National Endowment for the Arts". Playbill . Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  25. ^ National Endowment for the Arts Update: Trump FY2018 Budget Proposal Calls for Emptying of NEA Funding
  26. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts Announces New Interim Chairman" Archived 2009-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, NEA printing release dated February 2, 2009 at NEA website.
  27. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Saving Federal Arts Funds: Selling Culture as an Economic Forcefulness," New York Times, February sixteen, 2009.
  28. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Producer Is Called to Lead Arts Endowment", New York Times, May 13, 2009.
  29. ^ Davi Napoleon, "Mr. Landesman Goes to Washington" Archived 2009-07-13 at the Wayback Motorcar, The Faster Times, June 13, 2009.
  30. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Rocco Landesman Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts", New York Times, August 7, 2009.
  31. ^ "Statement from National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Rocco Landesman". The National Endowment for the Arts. Nov 20, 2012. Retrieved October xx, 2013.
  32. ^ "Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June iv, 2018 | NEA". www.arts.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-05-03.
  33. ^ "Jane Chu confirmed as NEA Chairman after position had been vacant for a year". The Washington Mail service. July 12, 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  34. ^ "Jane Chu Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts". Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  35. ^ "Mary Anne Carter". NEA. 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2020-06-15 .
  36. ^ "Mary Anne Carter Confirmed by Senate every bit Chairman of National Endowment for the Arts". NASAA . Retrieved 2019-08-06 .
  37. ^ "Maria Rosario Jackson". NEA. 2022-02-17.
  38. ^ "Senate confirms Biden's pick for the National Endowment for the Arts". NEA . Retrieved 2022-02-17 .
  39. ^ Elaine A. King,"Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).

Sources [edit]

  • Statement from Jane Chu on the Decision of Her Term every bit NEA Chair on June 4, 2018
  • National Endowment for the Arts (2000). The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. OCLC 52401250. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-24 .

Further reading [edit]

  • Arian, Edward. The Unfulfilled Promise: Public Subsidy of the Arts in America (1993)
  • Benedict, Stephen, ed. Public Money and the Muse: Essays on Authorities Funding for the Arts (1991)
  • Binkiewicz, Donna Grand. "Directions in arts policy history." Journal of Policy History 21.four (2009): 424–430.
  • Binkiewicz, Donna M. Federalizing the Muse: United states of america Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980, (U of Due north Carolina Press, 2004) 312pp., ISBN 0-8078-2878-five.
  • Cowen, Tyler. Good and plenty: The creative successes of American arts funding (Princeton UP< 2009).
  • Heath, Karen Patricia. "Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Lodge liberalism." European Journal of American Culture 36.one (2017): five-22. online
  • Jensen, Richard. "The culture wars, 1965-1995: A historian's map." Periodical of Social History (1995): 17–37. online
  • Kammen, Michael. "Culture and the State in America." Journal of American History 83.3 (1996): 791–814. online
  • King,Elaine A. "Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the U.s., 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).
  • Levy, Alan Howard. Government and the arts: Debates over federal support of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms (UP of America, 1997).
  • Honey, Jeffrey. "Sorting out our roles: The country arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts." Journal of Arts Management and Law 21.3 (1991): 215–226.
  • Lowell, Julia F. "Land Arts Agencies 1965-2003. Whose Interests to Serve?: (RAND Paper No. RAND/MG-121. RAND CORP, 2004). online
  • Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. Art lessons: Learning from the rise and fall of public arts funding (1995).
  • NEA. National Endowment for the Arts: a cursory history, 1965-2006: an excerpt --the beginning through the Hanks era (1986) Online gratuitous
  • Ottley, Gary, and Richard Hanna. "Do consumers know enough to assess the true value of fine art? A report of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA." Journal of Public Affairs eighteen.2 (2018): e1654.
  • Schuster, J. Mark. "Sub-national cultural policy--where the action is: Mapping country cultural policy in the United States." International periodical of cultural policy 8.ii (2002): 181–196.
  • Uy, Michael Sy. Inquire the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music, (Oxford University Press, 2020) 270pp.

Primary sources [edit]

  • Alexander, Jane. Command Performance: an Actress in the Theater of Politics. (Public Affairs, 2000) Chairman of the NEA 1993-1997
  • Biddle, Livingston. Our government and the arts: A perspective from the within (1988), drafted NEA legislation; senior NEA official
  • Frohnmayer, John. Leaving Town Alive: Confessions of an Arts Warrior (1992) NEA Chairman 1989 to 1992
  • Straight, Michael. Nancy Hanks: an intimate portrait: the creation of a national commitment to the arts. (1988) Nancy Hanks was NEA Chairman 1969–77; Michael Straight was her deputy chairman.
  • National Endowment for the Arts. The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Cursory Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.

External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities in the Federal Register
  • publications past and about NEA online free
  • NEA Small Press Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts

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